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   Continuing    S   toward    Chambarak/ Krasnosyelsk, last is the village of Aghavnavank, until recently village of Salah, with Anapat-Astvatsatsin church of the 11-13th c. and an early bridge on the Getik river. The road enters to Gegharkunik Marz.

   Just  W  of  the  Ijevan  road  N  of  the Gosh turn-off is Hovk, originally Aghkikhlu?, until recently Samed Vurghun (named after the Lenin Prize-winning Azeri poet/dramatist, 1906-1956, famed for his laconic style, author of some fine works but also patriotic tracts such as “Partisans of the Ukraine” and “On Reading Lenin”). Nearby   are   ruins  of   a   church   and

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cemetery. On hills overlooking the Aghstev valley E of Hovk are at least three ruined castles, with great confusion over their ancient and modern names. Keep looking up, and ask the locals. On the summit of a hill E (or perhaps W) of the Aghstev 12 km SW (or maybe 15 km W) of Ijevan is the 7-9th c. fortress of Mantash (or maybe Karakala), one of several candidates to be the historical Kayan Berd. This site (or maybe another one) has substantial remains of walls and towers. If it really is Kayan Berd, it presided in medieval times over the medieval district of Chorapor. It was probably built in the 10th century under King Ashot Yerkat, and restored under various masters, including Atabeg Ivane Zakarian. Besieged here by the Mongols in 1236, Avag the son of Ivane prudently surrendered and became a valued Mongol ally. The castle was destroyed at the end of the 14th century during Timur Lenk's invasions. Another 4 km SW is an Aghjkaberd (formerly Turkish Ghzghala, from the annoying early modern custom of associating all castles with an imprisoned maiden) on a wooded hill. There might be a ruined church and some cisterns in the fort.